All microcontrollers have I/O pins to connect to the outside world. These can be used as inputs or outputs, and tend to have various interesting capabilities. Here, I’ll treat these “General Purpose I/O” pins as outputs and try to toggle them as quickly as possible.
These examples will use the STM32F407. Other families may differ slightly (the GPIOs in the older F1 series are somewhat less configurable and less flexible, for example).
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